Showing posts with label krishna. Show all posts
Showing posts with label krishna. Show all posts

Sunday, January 18, 2009

Raganuga - 3.7: Internal Sadhana

The inner, contemplative practices of raganuga-bhakti are divided into two categories, namely spontaneous (svarasiki) and static (mantramayi).

tatra nAnA-lIlA-pravAha-rUpatayA svArasikI gaGgeva | ekaika-lIlAtmatayA mantropAsanA-mayI tu labdha-tat-sambhava-hrada-zreNir iva jJeyA || (krishna-sandarbha 153)

"Spontaneous pastimes are like the flow of the Ganges, as there are many different pastimes that flow into one another continuously. The static pastimes are compared to a lake created by the Ganges in which one particular pastime is concentrated upon. This is generally meditated upon at the time of mantra worship, hence the name mantramayi."

The contemplation on the spontaneous pastimes refers to contemplating on the eight-fold daily pastimes (asta-kaliya-lila) of Sri Radha and Krishna in Vraja. The outline of these pastimes is mentioned in the Govinda-lilamritam of Sri Krishna Das Kaviraja:

kuJjAd goSThaM nizAnte pravizati kurute dohanAnnAzanAdyAM |
prAtaH sAyaM ca lIlAM viharati sakhibhiH saGgave cArayan gAH ||
madhyAhne cAtha naktaM vilasati vipine rAdhayAddhAparAhne |
goSThaM yAti pradoSe ramayati suhRdo yaH sa kRSNo 'vatAn naH || (1.4)

"At the end of the night, the Lord returns home from the forest; in the morning, he milks the cows and takes his meal. In the forenoon, he takes the cows to pasture and at noon meets with Srimati Radharani at Radha Kunda. In the afternoon, he returns to Nandagrama with the cows and cowherd boys, enjoying different pastimes with them through the evening. In the later evening he takes a meal and then goes off to meet with Radha in the forest. May Lord Krsna, whose daily activities are such, be kind and deliver us all."

However, inner participation in the eight-fold daily pastimes necessitates a considerable absorption in one's internally conceived siddha-form, which is suitable for direct service of Sri Radha and Krishna, as well as acquaintance with the scenery of the pastime along with its numerous characters. Therefore, the practitioners first focus their attention on static meditation. A classical depiction of such meditation is to be found in the invocation of the Caitanya Caritamrita:

divya-vRndAraNya-kalpa-drumAdhaH |
zrImad-ratnAgAra-siMhAsana-sthau ||
zrImad-rAdhA-zrIla-govinda-devau |
preSThAlIbhiH sevyamAnau smarAmi || (cc 1.1.16)

"I meditate on Sri Radha and Srila Govinda Deva, who are seated on a beautiful throne in a jewelled palace under the shade of the desire trees of Vrindavana, surrounded by many dear friends and handmaids who eagerly serve them."

Such meeting takes place in a yogapitha, "the seat of union". Sri Radha and Krishna, along with their associates, assemble thrice daily on the platform of yogapitha to bless the practicing devotee and to accept his service. The morning-time meeting takes place at Gupta-kunda near Nandisvara, the mid-day meeting takes place in Madana-sukhada-kunja at Radha Kunda, and the nocturnal meeting takes place in a jewelled temple of the Maha-yogapitha and Govinda-sthali.

The golden platform of yogapitha is shaped like an eight-petaled lotus. Sri Radha and Krishna are surrounded by Their confidantes, namely the eight sakhis (girl-friends), who are located on the outer part of the inner eight petals of the lotus, the eight manjaris (maidservants) who are located on the inner part of the inner eight petals of the lotus, and the eight additional sakhis located on the eight outer petals of the lotus. Following his guru who has assumed a form similar to the confidantes of the Divine couple, the aspirant renders various services to everyone in his own internal guru-given form of a maidservant.

Sri Narottama Das Thakura has written a captivating poem depicting the scenery of the yogapitha.

vRndAvana ramya-sthAna, divyA-cintAmaNi-dhAma |
ratana-mandira manohara ||
AvRta kAlindI-nIre, rAja-haMsa keli kare |
tAhe zobhe kanaka kamala ||
tAra madhye hema pITha, aSTa-dalete beSTita |
aSTa-dale pradhAnA nAyikA |
tAra madhye ratnAsane, basiyAchen dui jane |
zyAma-saGge sundarI rAdhikA ||
o rUpa lAvaNya-rAzi, amiya paDiche khasi |
hAsya parihAsa sambhASaNe ||
narottama-dAsa kaya, nitya-lIlA sukha-maya ||
sadAi sphuruka mora mane || (prarthana)

"What a delightful place, this Vrindavana, the abode of celestial touchstone! There is a charming jewelled temple surrounded by the Yamuna River, which is filled with playing swans and golden lotus flowers.
"In one such large golden lotus is a podium surrounded by eight large petals in which stand the chief girlfriends of Radha. In the very centre is a jewel-bedecked throne upon which the beautiful Radharani is seated in the company of the blackish and enchanting Sri Krsna.
"Their forms are like a mountain of loveliness from which nectar is tumbling like waterfalls. They laugh and exchange joking conversation. Narottama Dasa says: 'The eternal pastimes of the Lord are full of happiness; may they always be manifest in my mind!'"

Friday, January 16, 2009

Raganuga - 1.4: The Flavours of Raganuga-bhakti

Sri Krishna, the Original Personality of Godhead, descended to this world along with His associates some five thousand years ago in the land of Vraja, displaying His ever-sweet pastimes to attract the souls of this world to His divine abode.

anugrahAya bhaktAnAM mAnuSaM deham AzritaH |
bhajate tAdRzIH krIDA yAH zrutvA tat-paro bhavet || (bhag. 10.33.36)

"To show favor to His devotees He appears in a human form, enjoying such pastimes upon hearing of which one must become completely devoted to Him."

After Sri Krishna and His associates disappeared from the visible realm of Vraja, various schools of thought and practice, intent on attaining His service, arose. In due course of time, Sri Krishna Himself, eager to taste the sweetness of His own service, descended to this world in the form of a great teacher and devotee named Sri Krishna Caitanya Mahaprabhu, known as Visvambhara during His earlier life.

prema-rasa-niryAsa karite AsvAdana |
rAga-mArga bhakti loke karite pracAraNa ||
rasika-zekhara kRSNa parama-karuNa |
ei dui hetu haite icchAra udgama || (cc 1.4.15-16)

"Sri Krishna is the crest-jewel of relishers and the most merciful one. His desire [to descend to this world] arose out of two reasons, as he wished to taste the essence of loving rapture and to broadcast devotion on the path of raga to the world."

The unprecedented contribution of Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu in the realm of raganuga-bhakti has been narrated as follows:

anarpita-carIM cirAt karuNayAvatIrNaH kalau |
samarpayitum unnatojjvala-rasAM sva-bhakti-zriyam ||
hariH puraTa-sundara-dyuti-kadamba-sandIpitaH |
sadA hRdaya-kandare sphuratu vaH zacI-nandanaH || (Vidagdha-madhava 1.2)

"Out of His causeless mercy, He descended in this age of Kali to bestow the matchless treasure of the rapture of amorous love in His own service, which had not been given since a long time. May this son of Saci, Hari radiant with the enchanting complexion of multitude of gold, always be manifest in the core of your heart!"

The concept of amorous love was certainly present in the bhakti-traditions predating Sri Caitanya. What, then, is His unique contribution? It is a unique variety of amorous love in servitude. Amorous love (kama-rupa-bhakti) is divided into two distinct categories.

kAmAnugA bhavet tRSNA kAma-rUpAnugAminI || (brs 1.2.297)

"The following of amorous feelings (kamanuga) appears as a thirst for following in the wake of that which consists of amorous feeling (kama-rupa)."

sambhogecchA-mayI tat-tad-bhAvecchAtmeti sA dvidhA || (brs 1.2.298)

"Its two divisions are (1) filled with desire for union (sambhogecchamayi) and (2) consisting of a desire for Her feelings (tad-bhaveccatma)."

keli-tAtparyavaty eva sambhogecchA-mayI bhavet |
tad-bhAvecchAtmikA tAsAm bhAva-mAdhurya-kAmitA || (brs 1.2.299)

"That which aims for amorous sports is known as sambhogecchamayi, and that which longs for the sweetness of the feelings is known as tad-bhavecchatmika."

The desire for union is understood to consist of four kinds of longing for union.

sandarzana-saMjalpa-saMsparza-samprayoga-lakSaNa-bheda-catuSTaya-bhinnatvaM dRzyate || (Priti-sandarbha 375)

"The four different categories are understood as the various appearances of seeing, discussion, touching and sexual union."

Particularly the last two forms of sambhoga characterize the sambhogecchamayi-devotion. The second division of amorous devotion, which consists solely of the longing to relish the sweetness of the feelings of Sri Radha, devoid of even a scent of desire for bodily enjoyment with Sri Krishna, is known as manjari-bhava; this is the mood of the maidservants of Sri Radha. The eminent glories of the love of Sri Radha, the foremost among the consorts of Sri Krishna, are narrated throughout the scriptures and the poetry of the saints. Indeed, She is the very embodiment of love for the Lord.

hlAdinIra sAra aMza tAra 'prema' nAma |
Ananda-cinmaya-rasa premera AkhyAna || (cc 2.8.159)

"The essential aspect of the pleasure-giving potency (hladini) of Sri Krishna is called ecstatic love (prema), which is understood as joy filled with rapturous mellows."

premera parama-sAra 'mahAbhAva' jAni |
sei mahAbhAva-rUpA rAdhA-ThAkurANI || (cc 2.8.160)

"The supreme pinnacle of prema is known to be maha-bhava, and Sri Radha Thakurani is the embodiment of this maha-bhava."

premera 'svarUpa-deha' prema-vibhAvita |
kRSNera preyasI-zreSThA jagate vidita || (cc 2.8.162)

"Her body is the very embodiment of prema and a transformation of prema. Throughout the world, She is known to be the dearmost among Sri Krishna's beloveds."

sei mahAbhAva haya 'cintAmaNi-sAra' |
kRSNa-vAJchA pUrNa kare ei kArya tAGra || (cc 2.8.164)

"This maha-bhava is the the essence of a divine touch-stone; Her task is to fulfill all the desires of Sri Krishna."

When one's love for the beloved of Sri Krishna exceeds one's love for Him, this condition is known as the jubilant arising of attachment (bhavollasa-rati), the foundational mood of a maidservant of Sri Radha.

saJcArI syAt samAno vA kRSNa-ratyAH suhRd-ratiH |
adhikA puSyamANA ced bhAvollAsa itIryate || (brs 2.5.128)

"When the affection for Sri Krishna and a dear one are equal, the feeling is known as a transitory feeling, but when devotion to a dear one is nourished and becomes dominant, the feeling is known as bhavollasa-rati."

The pinnacle of divine joy which is present in the heart of Sri Radha becomes reflected into the hearts of Her dedicated maidservants, thus causing them to taste love which far exceeds any other form loving relish both in quantity and in quality.

pataty asre sAsrA bhavati pulake jAta-pulakAH |
smite bhAti smerA malimani jAte sumalinAH ||
anAsAdya svAlIr mukuram abhivIkSya sva-vadanaM |
sukhaM vA duHkhaM vA kimapi kathanIyaM mRgadRzaH ||
(krishnahnika-kaumudi 5.128)

"Oh doe-eyed beauties! When your girlfriends are absent, you may have to look at a mirror before you can say whether you are happy or sad. They reflect every mood of yours, they perform all the services of a looking glass! When tears fall from your eyes they also cry; when you are excited, their hairs stand on end; when you laugh they also do so; and when you become depressed, they also look down-hearted."

This manjari-bhava is the unique contribution of Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu and the cherished treasure of the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition. One who desires to attain the ultimate goal of life should diligently study the writings of the saints on the subject matter of raganuga-bhakti.